chapter3

=Chapter 3 - Infancy and Childhood=

Summary

 * Some psychologists believe that behavior is a result of nature while others believe it's nurture. Newborns are born with natural reflexes such as the grasping and rooting reflex.  The first few years of life are the most crucial in learning language, maturing, and physical growth.  Children learn emotional attachment.  Children also begin to think problems out and ask questions.  The growth of a child depends on basic parenting styles: AUTHORITARIAN(Parents don't explain actions or demands), DEMOCRATIC(Children participate-negotiation and discussion but parents can veto plans), PREMISSIVE(Children have final say.Parents are nonpunishing & accepting), uninvolved(parents are self-centered: uncommitted & distant from kids).**

Important theories_
Freud- Psychosexual development:children bron with powerful sexual and aggressive urges, and by controlling these to learn right from wrong Erikson-Psychosocial development: the need for social approval is important Kolberg- humans progress through six stages of moral reasoning Cognitive-developmental: Social development is the result of the child trying to make sense out of experiences Piaget-Conservation: principle that a given quantity doesn't change when its appearance does. Piaget- Cognitive development: Sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operations stage, formal operations stage *development examples (In order by stages)*Schemas:body & sensations     *mental images       *logical schemas, limited   *Solve abstract problems

Key Terms
__Developmental psychology__: The specialized study of changes that occur as an individual matures __telegraphic speech__: words left out but the message still gets across. Certain grammar words are understood schemas: mental representations of the world. They can change as necessary. __Assimilation__: When trying to fit new objects into the schema __Accomodation__: Change in the schema to fit the characteristics of the new object. __Object Permanence:__ Child realizes that an object exists even when they cannot see or touch it __Representational thought__: Intellectual ability of a child to picture something in their mind __Egocentric__: Seeing and thinking of the world from your own standpoint & having difficulty understanding anothers view. __Socialization:__Learning the rules of behavior of the culture in which you are born and grow up with. __Role taking:__ Children play in which they act out adult roles. ex) teachers, mother, father