Chapter4

toc =VOCAB WORDS for chapter 4=


 * Initiation rites**-Rites of passage that admission into adulthood.


 * Robert Havighurst**-Psychologist who pointed out the challenges every adolescent faces and masters.


 * Puberty**-Biological event that marks the end of childhood.


 * Menarche**-First menstrual period.


 * Spermarche**-First ejaculation.


 * Asynchrony**-Condition of uneven growth or maturation of body parts.


 * Rationalization**-A way to deal with overpowering emotional feelings.


 * Identitiy Crisis**-A time of inner conflict at which you worry intensly about your identity.


 * Social Learning Theory**-Albert Bandura's emphasis on interaction in understanding adolescence and all other phases of human developement.


 * Clique**-A group within a group. It's very important to most adolescents and serves several functions.


 * Conformity**-the "glue" that holds a peer group together.


 * Anorexia Nervosa**-A serious eating disorder which is characterized by refusing to eat and not maintaining weight.


 * Bulimia Nervosa**-A serious eating disorder which is characterized by binge eating and followed by vomiting, laxatives, or dieting &amp; fasting.


 * Gender Identity**-Physical and biological makeup.


 * Gender Role**-Defined partyly by genetic makeup and by the society and culture in which you live.


 * Gender Stereotype**-Oversimplified or predjudice opinions and attitudes concerning the way men and women should behave.


 * Androgynous**-Roles that involve a flexible combination of traditionally male and female characteristics.


 * Gender Schema**-is a mental representation of behavior that helps a child organize and catoragize behaviors.


 * Depression**


 * Suicide**


 * Psychoanalytical Theory**


 * Cognitive-Developmental Theory**


 * James Marcia**


 * Psychosocial Development**


 * Margaret Mead**


 * Biological Theory**


 * Gender Differences**


 * Eating Disorders**

=Summaries=

**Section 1 Physical and sexual devolpment**
G. Stanley Hall portrayed as existing in a state of great "storm and stress", other psychologists regard it as relatively smooth. When you hit puberty it marks the end of childhood, both boys and girls experience a growth spurt just before puberty. The rate of sexual maturation varies so widely that it is difficult to apply norms or standerds to puberty.

**Section 2 Personal Development**
During adolescence most people reach the stage of formal operations thinking in which thinking becomes abstract and less concrete. According to Erik Erikson building an identity is a task that is unique to adolescence. Most adolescents must go through an identity crisis, a time which they worry intensly about their identities. Jean Piaget identified the stages of cognitive development.

**Section 3 Social Development**
One of the principal developmental tasks for adolescents is becoming independent of their families. Belonging to a peer group fulfills the need for closeness with others which helps establish their identity. parents and peers must exercise influence in shaping adolescent behavior and attitudes.

**Summary Section 4 Gender roles and differences**
During adolescence individuals develope attitudes about gender and expectations about the gender roll they fill. most psychologists sgree that nature and nurture interact to influence gender differences. the roles of men and women in society today are changing.